Chung Chul(정철)
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- Title
- Chung Chul
- Family Name
- Chung
- First Name
- Chul
- Middle Name
- -
- Preferred Name
- -
- Pen Name
- Chong Ch΄ol, Chong-Chol, Chong Ch΄ol
- ISNI
- 0000000083632804
- Birth
- 1536
- Death
- 1593
- Occupation
- Poet
- Period
- Classical
- Representative Works
- -
- Descriptions
- Korean(한국어)
- English(English)
정철(鄭澈)
1. 기본정보
정철(鄭澈, 1536~1593)은 16세기 조선중기 한국 가사문학의 대가로, 〈관동별곡〉 〈사미인곡〉 〈속미인곡〉 등의 가사와 약 100수의 시조를 창작했다. 정철은 당쟁기에 서인의 우두머리로서 독선적인 정치인으로 평가받기도 했지만, 감각적이고 유려하게 한국어를 구사하여 민족어의 연금술사(鍊金術師)로 인정받는다. 정철의 한글시가를 모아 놓은 개인 가집인 《송강가사》가 있다.
2. 생애
정철은 16세기 관료이자 문인(文人)으로, 호는 송강(松江)이다. 1536년 서울 장의동(현 경복궁 서북쪽 청운초등학교 근처)에서 출생했다. 정철의 문학 생애는 정치적 행적과 긴밀히 연동되어 있다. 맏누이가 세자였던 인종(仁宗, 1515∼1545, 제12대 왕)의 후궁으로 출가했기 때문에 세자 궁궐에 출입하며 유복한 어린 시절을 보냈다. 그러나 10세(1545년) 때 을사사회(乙巳士禍)가 일어나면서 집안이 화를 입고 아버지를 따라 유배지를 전전했다. 16세(1551년)가 되던 해에 아버지가 유배에서 풀려나면서, 전라도 창평(昌平) 성산(星山) 자락에 정착해 10년간 살면서 자연과 벗하며 학문을 닦았다. 이때는 가장 행복했던 시기로, 당대 이름난 지식인들과 교유하며 학문적, 정치적 성장의 기반을 마련했다. 성리학자 기대승(奇大升), 김인후(金麟厚)에게 수학했으며, 가사문학의 대가인 송순(宋純), 식영정이라는 정자를 중심으로 생활했던 김성원(金成遠), 그리고 임억령(林億齡) 등과 교유하였다. 이때의 경험은 〈성산별곡〉에서 되살아났다.
27세(1562년)에 문관(文官)을 뽑던 관리임용시험에서 1등으로 급제했다. 어린 시절 세자궁에서 어울려 놀았던 명종(明宗, 1534∼1567, 제13대 왕)이 급제자 명단을 보고 기뻐하며 술과 안주를 보내주었다. 그러나 왕실가족의 살인범죄를 조용히 무마해달라는 명종의 부탁을 거절했던 탓으로 정철은 중요한 관직에서 제외되었다. 33세(1568년)에 선조(宣祖, 1552~1608, 제14대 왕)가 즉위하면서 정철은 율곡 이이(李珥)와 함께 정계의 핵심관료가 되었다. 당이 두 편으로 나뉘어 격렬하게 토론을 벌이는 동서분쟁(東西分爭) 속에서 정철은 서인파의 우두머리가 되었다. 강직하고 올곧은 성품 탓에 정치적 부침을 거듭했고 이 과정에서 다수의 한글 시가문학이 창작되었다.
44세(1579년)에 정철은 동인의 논척으로 고향에 물러나 있다가 45세(1580년)의 나이로 강원도 관찰사가 되었을 때, 백성 교화의 목적으로 〈훈민가〉 16수, 관동 풍경을 찬미하고 애민의식을 펼쳐 보인 〈관동별곡〉을 지었다. 48세(1583년)에 정철은 예조판서, 형조판서를 역임했고, 동인들의 논척에도 불구하고 선조의 절대적 신임 속에 승진을 거듭했다. 그러나 50세(1585년) 때 감찰기관 사헌부(司憲府)와 사간원(司諫院)의 논척을 받고 전라도 창평에 은거하면서, 연군의 정서를 여성에 가탁해 노래한 〈사미인곡〉 〈속미인곡〉을 비롯해, 수많은 시조, 한시 등을 지었다.
정철의 충직한 성품은 선조에게 높이 평가되어, 54세(1589년) 때 동인 정여립(鄭汝立)이 왕에 대한 배반을 꾀한 사건인 기축옥사(己丑獄事, 기축년 재판)에서 최고의 품계인 우의정에 임명되어 재판장으로서 동인을 대거 제거했다. 이때의 가혹한 처벌은 두고두고 동인 사대부들에게 크게 비난받았다. 이처럼 선조의 신임을 받았던 정철이었으나 말년은 불우하게 지냈다. 56세(1591년) 때는 광해군(光海君)을 세자로 책봉할 것을 청했다가 선조의 뜻을 거슬러 평안북도 강계에 유배되었다. 58세(1593년)에 논척을 받고 물러나 강화도에서 짧은 생을 다했다.
3. 내용 및 작품 세계
3.1. 작품 세계
정철은 가사 〈관동별곡〉·〈사미인곡〉·〈속미인곡〉·〈성산별곡〉과 〈장진주사〉, 연작 시조 〈훈민가〉 16수, 그밖에 평시조 약 100여 수를 창작했다. 그 가운데 대표작은 세 편의 가사 〈관동별곡〉·〈사미인곡〉·〈속미인곡〉이다. 정철은 작품세계의 편폭이 넓은데, 주제별로 크게 자연, 연군, 교훈, 술로 나누어볼 수 있다.
먼저, 〈관동별곡〉은 강원도 관찰사로 재직하던 중 강원도의 자연을 찬미한 작품으로, 유가적 관인의식과 도가적 신선의식이 교직된 작품으로 평가받는다. 〈성산별곡〉은 성산에서 자연을 즐기는 식영정 주인을 찬미한 작품으로, 4계절 구성과 대화체로 풍류를 극대화하였다고 평가된다. 〈사미인곡〉과 〈속미인곡〉은 고향 창평에서 은거했을 때, 각각 규방여성 화자와 서민여성 화자로 임금에 대한 충절을 노래한 작품인데, 일련의 〈충신연주지사(忠臣戀主之詞)〉의 원류가 되는 작품으로 평가받았다.
〈훈민가〉 16수는 강원도 백성의 교화를 위해 창작한 작품으로 교훈적 성격을 띤다. 그러나 정철만의 육체적 표현은 백성들의 삶을 수평적 시선으로 조명했다고 평가받는다. 〈장진주사〉는 인생의 허무함을 술로써 극복한다는 취락(醉樂)이라는 주제를 담고 있는데, 일련의 〈권주가〉의 모태가 되었다고 평가받는다. 술을 좋아했던 정철은 술을 소재로 하여 〈주문답(酒問答)〉 3수를 비롯한 시조를 여러 편 지었다. 대나무처럼 강직하고 칼날같이 엄정한 성품을 지녔으면서도 문학세계가 감각적이고 감성적인 것은 술을 좋아했던 취미와도 관련이 있어 보인다.
아래의 작품에는 술을 좋아했던 정철의 성정과 감성이 잘 표현되어 있다. 술을 마시고 싶은 욕망 때문에 초조한 마음과 괜히 덜 익은 술독을 건드렸다가 술맛을 버릴까봐 애써 참고 있는 마음 사이의 갈등이 해학적으로 표현된 작품이다. 여기에서 술은 단순한 사물이 아니다. ‘찬 사랑’이라는 표현, 그리고 화자가 ‘반교태’를 부리는 대상이라는 점에서 술은 생명과 따스한 정감을 지닌 여인으로 의인화되어 있다. 술에다가 생명이라는 육체적 감각을 부여하고 사랑의 감성으로 화자에게 응답하도록 한, 정철 시조의 특이한 감성 표현 방식을 확인할 수 있다.
(현대역)
선웃음 참노라 하니 재채기에 코가 쌔하구나
덜된 아양을 부리다가 가득 찬 사랑 잃을세라
단술이 미처 발효되기 전에는 다른 데 마음을 두지 마라
(원문)
선우음 ᄎᆞᆷ노라 ᄒᆞ니 ᄌᆞᄎᆡ옴의 코히 ᄉᆡ예
半嬌態 ᄒᆞ다가 ᄎᆞᆫ ᄉᆞ랑 일흘셰라
ᄃᆞᆫ술이 못내 괸 젼의란 년ᄃᆡ ᄆᆞᄋᆞᆷ 마쟈
4. 특징 및 의의
정철의 한국어 시가문학에 대한 평가는 크게 셋으로 나뉜다. 첫째, 정철은 한문학 중심의 문학풍토에서 한국어문학의 위상을 드높였다. 특히, 17세기에 김만중이 《서포만필》에서 〈관동별곡〉·〈사미인곡〉·〈속미인곡〉을 꼽으며, 조선의 참된 문장은 이 세 편뿐이라고 평했다. 김만중의 평설은 20세기 국권회복의 열망 속에서 이병기와 같은 국학자들에 의해 민족어문학론으로 계승되었고 정철은 민족어시인의 위치에 이르게 되었다. 둘째, 성산가단을 크게 빛냈다. 정철은 전라도 창평의 성산에서 ‘식영정의 네 신선’이라 불리던 임억령, 김성원(金成遠), 고경명, 백광훈(白光勳)과 교유하며 〈성산별곡〉을 남겼다. 성산가단은 풍류를 중시하는 호남가단을 계승하고, 한편으로 도학적 자연미를 추구한 영남가단과 대조를 이루며 한국문학사를 풍성하게 했다고 평가받는다. 셋째, 정철 문학의 계보가 형성되었다. 정철의 문학은 후대에 조우인의 〈속관동별곡〉, 이진유의 〈속사미인곡〉 김춘택의 〈별사미인곡〉 창작의 모태가 되었다.
5. 기타사항
5.1. 번역현황
5.1.1. 영어
손유택 역, The Collection of Songgang’s Poetry, 송강문화센터, 2010(2011 증보판, 2013 수정3판).
Peter H. Lee, PINE RIVER AND LONE PEAK ―An Anthology of Three Choson Dynasty Poets(송강과 외로운 봉우리, 송강, 박인로, 윤선도), Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1991.
KEVIN O’ROURKE, A Shijo poet at the court of king Sonjo(선조 대 시조시인), KEGAN PAUL, 2005.
Kevin O'Rourke, Songgang Kasa: A Shijo Poet At The Court Of King Sonjo(송강가사: 선조 대 시조시인), Seoul: Literature Translation Institute of Korea, 2016.
[한국문학번역원_ebook] https://buk.io/@ka1989
Song Hye-jin, The Lyrics of Chong Ch'ol: Songs From an Exiled Politician(정철시가: 유배된 정치인으로부터의 노래), Republic of Korea, 1989.
5.1.2. 러시아어
Ким Сон Мён, Сборник стихов Сонгана (Поэзия Сосновой Реки), 송강문화센터, 2013.
А. ЖОВТИСA, Одинокий журавль(외로운 학), Художественная литература, 1975.
Леь Концевич, Л. Р. Концевиуа, Одинокий журавль(외로운 학), Russia: Наталис, 2009.
6. 자료
6.1. 원문자료출처
[고려대학교 해외한국학자료센터] 송강가사 성주본(1747)
http://kostma.korea.ac.kr/dir/list?uci=RIKS CRMA KSM-WZ.1747.4784-20140421.TOYO_1417
7. 참고문헌 및 외부링크
7.1. 참고문헌
김석회, 〈민족어의 연금술사, 송강 정철〉, 민족문학사연구소 고전문학분과, 《한국고전문학작가론》, 소명출판, 1998.
박영주, 《송강 정철 평전》, 중앙M&B, 1999.
이형대, 〈정철 시조의 감성 표현 양상〉, 《한국시가연구》 27집, 한국시가학회, 2009.
정익섭, 〈정철〉, 황패강 외, 《한국문학작가론》 2, 집문당, 2000.
7.2. 외부링크
7.2.1. 참조 웹사이트
[송강문화센터]http://www.songgang.kr/new/
[한국가사문학]http://www.gasa.go.kr/
[한국민족문화대백과사전] 정철(鄭澈)
https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/SearchNavi?keyword=정철&ridx=0&tot=81
[두산백과] 정철(鄭澈)
http://www.doopedia.co.kr/doopedia/master/master.do?_method=view&MAS_IDX=101013000797293
Jeong Cheol (鄭澈, 1536-1593)
Jeong Cheol was a master of the Korean gasa (歌詞 literally “music words,” it describe all vernacular songs) in the sixteenth century during the Joseon dynasty. His works include Gwandong byeolgok (關東別曲 Song of the Northeast), Samiingok (思美人曲 Song of Longing), Songmiingok (續美人曲 Continued Song of Longing) and hundreds of other pieces of sijo (short fixed-form poems). Although Jeong Cheol was regarded as a self-righteous official, the head of the Westerners (西人 seoin) political faction during a period of political strife, he wrote sensually and fluently, giving him reputation as an alchemist of the Korean language. [1] Jeong Cheol’s poems and songs written with the Korean alphabet are contained in Songganggasa (松江歌辭 Music Words of Songgang).
2. Life
Jeong Cheol was a sixteenth-century bureaucrat and writer, and his pen name was Songgang (松江). He was born in 1536, Jangui-dong (near Cheongun Elementary School, northwest of Gyeongbok Palace), Seoul. Jeong Cheol’s literary career was closely related to his political activity. His eldest sister was a concubine of King Injong (仁宗, r.1544-1545), and so, he went through a period of wealth during his childhood and was able to enter the royal palace often. However, at the age of 10 (1545), the Literati Purge of 1545 (乙巳士禍 Eulsasahwa) pushed his family into difficult times with his father’s exile. At age 16 (1551), when his father was released from exile, his family settled at the foot of Mt. Seong (星山), Changpyeong (昌平), Jeolla Province for ten years. Indeed, this was the happiest period of his lifetime in which he laid the foundation for his academic and political growth, sharing and collaborating with the intellectuals of his time. He was educated by philosopher Ki Daeseung (奇大升, 1527-1572) and Kim Inhu (金麟厚, 1510-1560); and he collaborated with the masters of gasa, Song Sun (宋純, 1493-1582), Kim Seongwon (金成遠, 1525-1597) and Im Eongnyeong (林億齡, 1496-1568), who studied together at the Sigyeongjeong (息影亭) pavilion. This experience of his earlier years was recorded in the work, Seongsan byeolgok (星山別曲 Song of Seong Mountain, 1560).
At the age of 27 (1562), Jeong Cheol was awarded first place in the civil service examination. In fact, King Myeongjong (明宗, r.1545-1567), who was a good friends with him when he was a child, was pleased to see his friend’s name on the top of the list and sent him gifts of drink and food. Though, Jeong Cheol was later excluded from important offices because he refused King Myeongjong’s request to cover up a homicide committed by a member of the royal family. At the age of 33 (1568), King Seonjo (宣祖, r.1567-1608) was crowned, and Jeong Cheol, along with Yi I (李珥, 1536-1584), became a high-ranking bureaucrat. In the political strife between the Easterners (東人 dongin) and the Westerners (西人 seoin), he was a key player as the head of the Westerners. His honest and straightforward personality led him to face many ups and downs during his political career, but he wrote many Korean lyrical poems during this period.
Jeong Cheol tried to retire from politics due to political conflict at the age of 44 (1579) but was reappointed as the governor of Gangwon Province at age 45 (1580). Hunminga (訓民歌 Song of Teaching the People), which consists of 16 verses, was written to enlighten and educate the people, and Gwandong byeolgok (關東別曲 Song of the Northeast) was also created to praise the scenery of the Gwandong (關東 Northeast) region and to show his love toward his people. At the age of 48 (1583), he served as the Minister of Rites (禮曹判書 Yejo Panseo) and Minister of Justice (刑曹判書 Hyeongjo Panseo) despite fierce opposition from the Easterners, and he was repeatedly promoted with the absolute trust of King Seonjo. However, when he turned 50 (1585), he was convicted both by the Office of the Inspector (司憲府 Saheonbu) and the Office of the Censor (司諫院 Saganwon) and retired again. He wrote numerous sijo (時調 Korean traditional poetry) and Hansi (漢詩 Chinese character poetry) during this time in his hometown, Changpyeong, Jeolla Province, and he also wrote during this time the two gasa, Samiingok (思美人曲 Song of Longing) and Songmiingok (續美人曲 Continued Song of Longing), in which he sang his loyalty towards the king from a woman’s point of view.
Jeong’s loyal character was highly respected by King Seonjo. At age 54 (1589) when the Act of High Treason in 1589 (己丑獄事 Gichugoksa) [a rebellion of Jeong Yeorip (the Easterners) known as one of the bloodiest of political purges] occurred, he was appointed the Third State Councilor (右議政 Uuijeong) and wiped his political opponents, the Easterners, as a presiding judge. Later, his judgements during this time was criticized by the Easterners for a long time. Although Jeong was firmly trusted by King Seonjo during the early years, the last years of his political career were not as fortunate. When he turned 56 (1591), he asked King Seonjo to designate King Gwanghaegun (光海君, 1608-1623) as the next king in opposition to King Seonjo, and so he was exiled to Ganggye (江界), Pyeongan Province for standing against the King. He finished his short life in Ganghwa Island at the age of 58 (1593). [2]
3. Works
Jeong wrote five gasa - Gwandong byeolgok, Samiingok, Songmiingok, Seongsan byeolgok, and Jangjinjusa (將進酒辭 literally “bring in the wine”; An Inducement to Imbibe) - a 16 verse yeonsijo - Hunminga - and 100 pyeongsijo. Among these, his representative works are Gwandong byeolgok, Samiingok, and Songmiingok. The themes of his works are varied: they are nature, loyalty towards the king, moral lessons, and drinking.
First of all, Gwandong byeolgok is a work written within the scope of both a Confucian responsibility for public service and a Taoist freedom that appreciates the nature of Gangwon Province, while he served as a provincial governor. Seongsan byeolgok is a tribute to the owner of Sigyeong Pavillon, who enjoyed the landscape of Mt. Seong. He elevated the art form with his portrayal of the four seasons and dialogue form of the work. Samiingok and Songmiingok deals with loyalty towards the king from a female speaker’s point of view and was written when he retired to his hometown. These two songs are considered to be the origin of song genre [or literature] of longing for the sovereign (忠臣戀主之詞).
The 16 verses of Hunminga were created with the purpose of enlightening and educating the people. However, the physicality of Jeong’s expressions is regarded as illuminating the people’s lives from a horizontal gaze rather than one from a governor to his people. Jangjinjusa, model for Gwonjuga (勸酒歌 Song for the Drinking) genre, has the theme of overcoming the vanity of life through drink. He wrote various drinking-related works, including Jumundap (酒問答). Contrary to his reputation of having a rigid personality, his sensuality and emotions of his literary world seem to be related to his love of drinking.
In the excerpt below is Jeong Cheol’s passion and emotion towards drinking. It is a humorous description of the conflict between impatience and patience while the narrator attempts to avoid drinking unripe wine. Thus, alcohol is not a simple ‘thing’ in his work. Rather, it is personified as a living creature; and more specifically, it is a woman to whom he has warm feelings. He gives life to an unliving object, alcohol, with physicality, and this is often classified as a unique emotional expression of Jeong Cheol. [3]
(Translation into Contemporary Korean)
선웃음 참노라 하니 재채기에 코가 쌔하구나
덜된 아양을 부리다가 가득 찬 사랑 잃을세라
단술이 미처 발효되기 전에는 다른 데 마음을 두지 마라
(Original Text)
선우음 ᄎᆞᆷ노라 ᄒᆞ니 ᄌᆞᄎᆡ옴의 코히 ᄉᆡ예
半嬌態 ᄒᆞ다가 ᄎᆞᆫ ᄉᆞ랑 일흘셰라
ᄃᆞᆫ술이 못내 괸 젼의란 년ᄃᆡ ᄆᆞᄋᆞᆷ 마쟈
4. Style and Legacy
Jeong Cheol’s contribution to Korean poetry and literature is largely divided three ways. First, Jeong improved the status of the Korean language in a literary milieu centered around Chinese classical literature. Especially in the seventeenth century, Kim Manjung (金萬重, 1637-1692), in his work Seopomanpil (西浦漫筆 Random Jottings of Manjung), addressed Gwandong byeolgok, Samiingok, and Songmiingok as the only works which correspond to true Korean literature. Kim Manjung’s commentary was influential, classifying Jeong Cheol as a respected Korean traditional poet; and this treatment was inherited by Lee Byeonggi, who had the aspiration to restore Korean sovereignty in twentieth century literature. Second, Jeong Cheol’s work greatly influenced Seongsan Gadan (星山歌壇 a group that created and enjoyed Korean songs and/or poems in the Joseon dynasty). At Seong Mountain (星山), which is located in his hometown Changpyeong, Jeong collaborated with ‘The Four Immortal (仙人 seonin) of Sigyeong Pavillion’ - Im Eongnyeong, Kim Seongwon, Ko Gyeongmyeong (髙敬命, 1533-1592), and Baek Gwanghun (白光勳, 1537-1582) – and wrote Seongsan byeolgok. Seongsan Gadan is renowned for its role in enriching Korean literature in succession to Honam Gadan, who put emphasis on the elegance of literati, in contrast to Yeongnam Gadan, which pursued the artistic expression of nature’s beauty. Third, a genealogical line of literature was sprouted from Jeong Cheol’s work. Jeong Cheol’s literature later became the foundation for Sok Gwandong byeolgok (關東續別曲 Sequel to Gwandong byeolgok) by Cho Uin (曺友仁, 1561-1625), Sok Samiingok (續思美人曲 Sequel to Samiingok) by Lee Jinyu (李眞儒, 1669-1703), and Pyeol Samiingok (別思美人曲 Supplements of Samiingok) by Kim Cheotaek (金天澤, 168?-?).
5. Others
5.1 Works in Translation
Translated by Son, Yutaek, The Collection of Songgang’s Poetry, Songgang Cultural Center, 2010 (2011 supplemented edition; 2013 revised third edition).
Lee, Peter, H., Pine River and Lone Peak - An Anthology of Three Choson Dynasty Poets (Songgang gwa Oeroun Bonguri, Songgang, Bak Inro, Yun Seondo), Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1991.
O’Rourke, Kevin, A Shijo Poet at the Court of King Sonjo, London: Kegan Paul, 2005.
O’Rourke, Kevin, Songgang Kasa: A Shijo Poet at the Court of King Sonjo (Songgang gasa: Seonjodae Sijosiin), Seoul: Literature Translation Institute of Korea, 2016.
[Literature Translation Institute of Korea_ebook] https://buk.io/@ka1989
Song, Hye-jin, The Lyrics of Chong Ch'ol: Songs from an Exiled Politician, Republic of Korea, 1989.
Ким Сон Мён, Сборник стихов Сонгана (Поэзия Сосновой Реки), Songgang Cultural Center, 2013.
А. ЖОВТИСA, Одинокий журавль, Художественная литература, 1975.
Леь Концевич, Л. Р. Концевиуа, Одинокий журавль, Russia: Наталис, 2009.
6. Resources
6.1 Source of Original Text
[Korea University Center for Overseas Resources on Korean Studies] Songganggasa Seongju Edition (1747)
http://kostma.korea.ac.kr/dir/list?uci=RIKS CRMA KSM-WZ.1747.4784-20140421.TOYO_1417
7. References and External Links
7.1 References
Kim, Seokoe, “Minjokeo ui Yeongeumsulsa, Songgang Jeong Cheol (An Alchemist of National Language, Songgang Jeong Cheol),” Hanguk Gojeon Munhak Jakgaron (Theory of Korean Classical Writers), Somyeong Publishing, 1998.
Lee, Hyeongdae, “Jeong Cheol Sijo ui Gamseong Pyohyeon Yangsang (Emotional Expressions of Jeong Cheol’s Sijo),” Hanguk Siga Yeongu (A Study of Korean Poetry) 27, Korean Classical Poetry Association, 2009.
Jeong, Ikseop, Jeong Cheol, Hanguk Munhak Jakgaron (Theory of Korean Literary Writers) 2, Jipmoondang, 2000.
7.2 External Links
[Songgang Cultural Center] http://www.songgang.kr/new/
[Korean Gasa Literature] http://www.gasa.go.kr/
[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture] Jeong Cheol (鄭澈)
https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/SearchNavi?keyword=정철&ridx=0&tot=81
[Doosan Encyclopedia] Jeong Cheol (鄭澈)
http://www.doopedia.co.kr/doopedia/master/master.do?_method=view&MAS_IDX=101013000797293
8. Notes
Kim, Seokoe, (An Alchemist of National Language, Songgang Jeong Cheol), (Theory of Korean Classical Writers), Somyeong Publishing, 1998, 225-252.
Park, Yeongju, (Critical Biography of Songgang Jeong Cheol), JoongAng M&B, 1999.
Lee, Hyeongdae, (Emotional Expressions of Jeong Cheol’s Sijo), (A Study of Korean Poetry) 27, Korean Classical Poetry Association, 2009, 10-11.
Jeong, Ikseop, (Jeong Cheol), (Theory of Korean Literary Writers) 2, Jipmoondang, 2000, 250-251.
Original Works23 See More
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Korean(한국어) Printed/Published Work구름 속의 학: 시조, 한국의 고전 자국어 시가
Gureum sogui hak: sijo, hangugui gojeon jagugeo siga
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Translated Books28 See More
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English(English) BookPoems from Korea
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English(English) BookLove in Mid-winter Night
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English(English) BookPine River and Lone Peak
E-books & Audiobooks3
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English(English) E-booksSonggang kasa: a shijo poet at the court of King Sonjo
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Russian(Русский) E-booksКорейская классическая поэзия
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English(English) E-booksKorean Classical Literature