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Writer

Kim Hakchul(김학철)

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Title
Kim Hakchul
Family Name
Kim
First Name
Hakchul
Middle Name
-
Preferred Name
-
Pen Name
金學鐵, Kim Hakcheol, 金學鐵
ISNI
0000000037141262
Birth
1916
Death
2001
Occupation
Novelist
Period
Modern
Representative Works
-
  • Descriptions
  • Works
  • Korean(한국어)
  • English(English)

 

도입부

 

김학철(1916~2001)1)은 한글로 작품을 집필한 재중 소설가, 독립운동가이다. 일제 강점기에 항일 독립운동에 적극적으로 참여하여 ‘조선의용대 마지막 분대장’이라는 별명을 얻었다. 해방 후에는 중국 연길에 정착하여 《해란강아 말하라》(1954), 《20세기의 신화》(1967), 《격정시대》(1986) 등 많은 작품을 발표하면서 ‘조선족 문학의 대부’로 불렸다. 김학철의 소설은 현실을 구체적으로 반영하고, 낙천적인 태도로 유머를 잃지 않으며, 민중의 국제적인 연대를 추구한다.

 

생애

 

해방 전
1916년 함경남도 원산에서 태어났다. 원산제2공립보통학교와 보성고보를 졸업하였다. 1934년에 <타락자>를 《조선문단》에 투고했으나 실리지는 않았다. 1935년 중국 상하이에서 의열단2) 활동을 했고, 중앙육군군관학교를 졸업한 후에는 조선의용대로 활동하였다. 1940년에는 중국공산당에 가입하였다. 1941년에 분대장으로 참가한 호가장 전투에서 일본군의 포로가 되어 나가사키 형무소에서 복역하던 중 해방이 되어 석방되었다.3) ‘조선의용대 마지막 분대장’이라는 별명을 얻었으며 <조선의용군 추도가>를 작사하고 희곡 <등대>를 썼다.4)

 

해방 후
1945년에 조선독립동맹 서울시 위원회 위원으로 활동하면서 <지네>를 발표하였다. 1946년에는 <균열>, <밤에 잡은 부로> 등을 발표하였으며, 이 해에 월북하였다.5) 1947년에 《노동신문》 기자로 일하면서 중편소설 <범람>을 발표하였다. <사회주의 건설을 누가 파괴하는가>라는 기사를 통해 소련의 약탈을 비판하여 《노동신문》에서 쫓겨나고,6) 김일성 정권에 환멸을 느껴 1950년에 중국으로 망명하였다.7) 그 후에 북경 중앙문학연구소 연구원으로 일하였고, 1951년에 단편집 《군공메달》을 출간하였으며 1952년에는 연변문학예술연합회 준비위원회 주임으로 활동했다. 이 시기에 노신의 《아Q 정전》, 정령의 《태양은 상건하를 비춘다》 등을 한국어로 번역하였다. 단편집 《새집 드는 날》(1953), 장편소설 《해란강아 말하라》(1954), 중편 《번영》(1957) 등을 연달아 출간하였다.

 

1960년대 이후
문화대혁명을 비판한 《20세기의 신화》(1967)를 발표하여 ‘반동작가’로 지목되어 10년 동안 감옥살이를 했다. 1980년 65세의 나이에 복권되어 창작 활동을 재개했다. 1983년에 전기 《항전별곡》을 출간하였으며, 1985년에는 중국작가협회 연변분회 부주석에 취임하였다. 1986년에 장편소설 《격정시대》를 출간하였다. 1990년대에는 한국에서도 자서전 《최후의 분대장》(1995)을 비롯해 많은 책이 출간되었다. 특히 《20세기의 신화》(1996)는 한국에서만 출간되었다.

 

사망과 상훈
2001년 연길시에서 지병으로 사망하였다. 세상을 떠나기 며칠 전에 “일절 부고를 내지 말고 화장해서 가루를 두만강 하류에 뿌려달라”는 유언을 남긴 뒤 곡기를 끊었다. 유언에 따라 유해는 두만강에 뿌려졌다.8) 1994년 해외동포상 특별상, 2001년 장백산작가상을 받았으며 2005년에 중국 하북성 호가장 옛 전투지에 ‘김학철 항일문학비’가, 2006년 중국 도문시 장안촌에 ‘김학철 문학비’가 세워졌다. 2007년에 연변소설가학회에서 ‘김학철문학상’을 제정하고,  2회부터는 수상자를 조선족에 한정하지 않고 전세계로 확대하였다.

 

작품세계

 

‘조선족 문학의 대부’로 불리는 김학철의 문학은 한국과 중국을 가로지르면서 민중의 국제적 연대를 이야기하는 작품을 다수 발표했다.9) 특히 조선의용군 등의 항일무장투쟁 경험을 생생한 에피소드와 낙천적인 유머로 담아냈다.

 

조선족 최초의 장편소설 《해란강아 말하라》(1954)는 만주사변 전후에 북간도에서 발생한 소작 쟁의를 다루었다. 계급 모순을 자각하는 소작농들을 통해 민중의 힘을 드러내고,10) 중국공산당과 조선 농민들의 연대를 통해 전개된 항일 민족 투쟁을 재현했다.11)
《20세기의 신화》(1967)는 반우파투쟁과 대약진 운동이 전개된 1950-1960년대 지식인들의 수난사를 통해 당시 중국의 정치 상황을 비판했다. 작가는 이 소설 때문에 가택 수색으로 원고를 압수당하고 오랜 감옥 생활을 했다.12) 전편 ‘강제수용소’에서는 낙인찍힌 지식인들의 고통을, 후편 ‘수용소 이후’에서는13) 대약진 시대의 야만과 횡포를 고발했다.14) 시대적 혼란을 초래한 원인을 비판15)하고 보편적 휴머니즘을 촉구했다.16)

 

《격정시대》(1986)는 주인공 서선장이 원산 총파업, 광주학생사건, 윤봉길 거사 등을 겪으면서 항일 무장투쟁의 전사가 되는 과정을 그린 자전적 ‘혁명성장소설’이다.17) 민족의식을 옹호하고 항일 투쟁의 역사를 회고하는 한편,18) 민족적 차원에 한정되지 않은 국제적인 연대의식을 드러냈다.19)
이처럼 김학철은 강건한 문체와 낙천적인 태도로 삶의 구체성과 진정성을 포착하는 작품들을 썼다.20)

 

주요 작품

 

1) 전집, 소설집
《김학철단편소설집》, 요령민족출판사, 1985.
《김학철문집 1~5》, 연변 인민출판사, 1998-2002.

 

2) 소설집
《군공메달》, 인민문학출판사, 1951. 《범람》, 인민문학출판사, 1952.
《새집 드는 날》, 연변교육출판사, 1953.
《뿌리박은 터》, 연변교육출판사, 1953.
《세전이별》, 연변교육출판사, 1954.
《고민》, 북경민족출판사, 1956.
《번영》, 연변교육출판사, 1957.

 

3) 장편소설

 

중국
《해란강아 말하라》, 연변교육출판사, 1954.
《항전별곡》, 흑룡강조선민족출판사, 1983.
《격정시대》, 요령민족출판사, 1986.

 

한국
《항전별곡》, 거름사, 1986.
《해란강아 말하라》, 풀빛사, 1988.
《무명소졸》, 풀빛사, 1989.
《20세기의 신화》, 창작과비평사, 1996.

 

4) 산문집, 자서전

 

중국
《태항산록》, 대륙연구소, 1989.
《나의 길》, 북경민족출판사, 1996.

 

한국
《누구와 함께 지난날의 꿈을 이야기하랴》, 실천문학사, 1994.
《최후의 분대장》, 문학과지성사, 1995.
《우렁이 속 같은 세상》, 창작과비평사, 2001.

 

수상 내역

 

해외동포상 특별상(1994)21)
자랑스런 보성인상(1998)
장백산작가상(2001)

 

참고문헌

 

1) 본명은 홍성걸이다. 조선의용대에서 활동할 때 가족이 일본군에게 화를 입을 것을 염려해 본명을 숨기고 이름을 김학철로 바꿨다. (시사상식사전,
https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=66779&cid=43667&categoryId=43667)
2) 1919년 11월에 만주 지린성(吉林省)에서 조직된 항일 무력독립운동 단체이다. 1920년대에 일본 고관(高官) 암살과 관공서 폭파 등의 활발한 활동을 하였다. 1920년대 말부터는 급진적 민족주의 성향을 띠었다. 한국민족운동사에 이름을 남긴 김구(金九)·김규식(金奎植)·김창숙(金昌淑)·신채호 등이 실질상의 고문 역할을 했고, 장제스[蔣介石] 중화민국총통의 지원을 받기도 하였다. (두산백과, 
https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=1133974&cid=40942&categoryId=40012)
3) 한국민족문화대백과사전
https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=2458328&cid=46629&categoryId=46629
4) 임규찬‧박수연 외, 《해방과 분단, 경계의 재구성》, 민음사, 2016, 169쪽.
5) 한국민족문화대백과사전
https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=2458328&cid=46629&categoryId=46629
6) 시사상식사전,
https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=66779&cid=43667&categoryId=43667
7) 두산백과,
https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=1217572&cid=40942&categoryId=39766
8) 두산백과,
https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=1217572&cid=40942&categoryId=39766
9) 《격정시대》, 지식을만드는지식, 2010, 19쪽.
10) 김종회, 《중국 조선족 디아스포라 문학》, 국학자료원, 2016, 124-128쪽.
11) 임규찬‧박수연 외, 앞의 책, 188쪽.
12) 전정옥, <金學鐵 文學 硏究 : 創作原理와 作家意識을 中心으로>, 성균관대학교 박사학위논문, 2006, 128쪽.
13) 김명인, 《자명한 것들과의 결별》, 창비, 2004, 38쪽.
14) 이상갑, 앞의 책, 169쪽.
15) 강옥, 《김학철 문학연구》, 국학자료원, 2010, 167쪽.
16) 고인환, 《문학, 경계를 넘다》, 국학자료원, 2015, 94쪽.
17) 임규찬‧박수연 외, 앞의 책, 188쪽.
18) 연남경, 《탈경계 사유와 서사의 윤리》, 이화여자대학교출판문화원, 2017, 273쪽.
19) 고명철, <혁명성장소설의 공간, 민중적 국제연대 그리고 반식민주의―김학철의 《격정시대》론>, 《반교어문연구》 22집, 반교어문학회, 244-246쪽.
20) 권영민, 한국현대문학사전
https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=333366&cid=41708&categoryId=41737
21) 이재희, <2회 KBS 해외 동포상 수상자 확정>, 1993.12.02.
http://news.kbs.co.kr/amp/view.do?ncd=3735204

 

[[항일문학가]김학철·김사량 문학비 中에 건립]
http://news.khan.co.kr/kh_news/khan_art_view.html?artid=200508151801271
(2019.05.04. 21:32(UTC 9:00))

 

[388회 SBS 스페셜 : 3.1절 특집 나의 할아버지, 김학철 - 조선의용대 최후의 분대장]
https://allvod.sbs.co.kr/allvod/vodEndPage.do?srs_id=22000045100
(2019.05.29. 13:40(UTC 9:00))

 

Introduction

 

Kim Hakchul (1916–2001)[1] was a China-based independence activist and writer who wrote in Hangeul. He is known as "the last squad leader of the Korean Volunteer Army" for his active participation in the anti-Japanese activism to liberate Korea during the Japanese colonial era. After the country's independence, he settled in Yanji, China and wrote a variety of works—including Haerangang-a malhara (해란강아 말하라, Let the Haeran River Speak) published in 1954, 20 segiui sinhwa (20세기의 신화, Myth of the 20th Century) in 1967, and Gyeokjeong sidae (격정시대, The Era of Passion) in 1986—to the point of being called "the father of the Korean Chinese literature." His works describe a specific reality, always maintain a positive attitude as well as a sense of humor, and pursues an international solidarity of the people.

 

Life

 

Before the Liberation of Korea

Kim was born in 1916, in Wonsan, Hamgyeongnam-do. He graduated Wonsan Public High School 2 and Posung High School. In 1934, he sent the manuscript of his short story "Tarakja (타락자, The Degenerate)" to the literary magazine Joseon Literary World, but it was never published. In 1935, he operated as a member of the Heroic Corps, in Shanghai, China,[2] and joined the Korean Volunteer Army after his graduation of Central Military Academy. He entered the Communist Party of China in 1940. At the 1941 combat in Hujiazhuang where he fought as a squad leader, he was captured and became a prisoner of the Japanese military to serve in the Nagasaki penitentiary. Then Korea was liberated, and so he was subsequently set free.[3] He acquired the nickname "the last squad leader of the Korean Volunteer Army," and wrote the lyric of "Joseon ui-yonggun chudoga (조선의용군 추도가, The Elegy for the Korean Volunteer Army)" and the play Deungdae (등대, Lighthouse).[4]

 

After the liberation

While working as a member of the Seoul committee of the Alliance for the Independence of Joseon, Kim published "Jine (지네, The Centipede)" in 1945. Subsequently, in 1946, he published "Gyunyeol (균열, The Friction)" and "Bam-e jabeun buro (밤에 잡은 부로, The Prisoner Caught in the Night)," and moved to North Korea.[5] Working for the Rodong Sinmun as a journalist, he published the novella Beomram (범람, Flood). He criticized the Soviet Union through his article "Sahoeju-ui geonseoreul nuga pagoehaneunga (사회주의 건설을 누가 파괴하는가, Who Is Destroying the Establishment of Communism)," for which he was fired from the newspaper.[6] This incident led to his disillusionment with the Kim Il-sung administration and so he sought asylum in China.[7] Later, he worked as a researcher at the Central Research Institute of Literature in Beijing, and in 1951, he published the short story collection Gungong medal (군공메달, Medal for Meritorious Service in War). Then he served as a manager at the Preparation Committee of the Literature and Arts Federation in Yanji, while translating into Korean The True Story of Ah Q, written by Lu Xun, and The Sun Shines over the Sanggan River, written by Ding Ling. He published three books in a row: his short story collection Saejip deuneun nal (새집 드는 날, Moving Day) came out in 1953, the novel Haerangang-a malhara in 1954, and the novella Beonyeong (번영, Prosperity) in 1957.

 

After the 1960s

Kim was regarded as a 'reactionary writer' for criticizing the Culture Revolution in his book 20 segiui sinhwa (1967) and put in prison for a decade. Then, in 1980, he was reinstated and resumed writing at the age of 65. His autobiography Hangjeon byeolgok (항전별곡, Song of Resistance) came out in 1983, and he was assigned to the vice president of the Yanji branch of the Chinese Writers Association. In 1986, he published the novel Gyeokjeong sidae. Many of his works came out in South Korea in the 1990s, such as the memoir Choehu-ui bundaejang (최후의 분대장, The Last Squad Leader) published in 1995. Notably, 20 segiui sinhwa was only published in South Korea.

 

Death, awards, and decorations

He died of a chronic disease in 2001, in Yanji. A few days before his death, he left his will saying "never send in an obituary, cremate my body, and throw my ashes on the lower Tumen river." And in accordance with his will, his ashes were thrown in the river.[8] He received the Special Prize of the 1994 Overseas Koreans Awards (해외동포상), and the 2001 Chang Bai Shan Best Writer Awards (장백산작가상). 'The Monument to the Writer Kim Hakchul Who Fought Against Japan' was built in 2005, in the battleground of the Hujiazhuang combat located in Hebei, China. Also, 'The Literary Monument to Kim Hakchul' was erected in 2006 in Changan Village, Tumen City, China. 'The Kim Hakchul Literary Awards' were founded by the Yanbian Association of Writers in 2007, and since the second awards, their winners have not been limited to the Korean Chinese and given to writers of all nationalities.

 

Writing

 

Many of the works written by Kim Hakchul, who is called "the father of the Korean Chinese literature," are set in both Korea and China and pursue an international solidarity of the people.[9] The notable features of his literature are his optimistic humor and vividly-written episodes conveying his experiences of fighting against Japan as a member of many organizations like the Korean Volunteer Army.

 

Haerangang-a malhara (1954), the first novel written by a Korean resident in China, deals with the protests of tenant farmers in North Gando around the time the Japanese invaded Manchuria. It shows the power of the people by depicting the tenant farmers who gradually realize the class conflict,[10] and represents the anti-Japanese movement carried out through the solidarity between the Communist Party of China and the Joseon farmers.[11]

 

The book 20 segiui sinhwa (1967) criticized the political climate of China at the time, by recording the history of the suffering intellectuals from the 1950s to the 1960s when the Anti-rightist Movements and the Great Leap Forward were in progress. Because of this publication, Kim's house was searched, his manuscript was confiscated, and he was imprisoned for a long time.[12] In the first chapter "The Concentration Camp," he describes the pain of the stigmatized intellectuals, and in the second chapter "After the Concentration Camp,"[13] he denounces the brutality and tyranny committed during the time of the Great Leap Forward.[14] In addition, he points out the reasons behind the confusion in those days[15] and calls for the universal value of humanism.[16]

 

Gyeokjeong sidae (1986) is an autobiographical, revolutionary coming-of-age story in which the protagonist Seo Seonjang grows into a warrior who fights against Japan, through his experiences of the Wonsan Strike, the Gwangju Student Independence Movement, and the Bombing by Yun Bong-gil.[17] It encourages national consciousness and reflects upon the history of the anti-Japanese movement,[18] promoting an international solidarity that goes beyond the boundaries between the nations.[19]

 

As such, Kim Hakchul's works capture the truth and realities of life with a powerful prose and positive attitude.[20]

 

Major works

 

1) Complete collections and anthologies

《김학철단편소설집》, 요령민족출판사, 1985 / Kim hakchul danpyeon soseoljip (Selected Short Stories of Kim Hakchul), Liaoning Nationality, 1985

《김학철문집 1~5》, 연변 인민출판사, 1998-2002 / Kim hakchul munjip 1~5 (Anthologies of Kim Hakchul, Vol.1–5), Yanbian People's, 1998–2002

 

2) Short story collections

《군공메달》, 인민문학출판사, 1951 / Gungong medal (Medal for Meritorious Service in War), People's Literature, 1951

《범람》, 인민문학출판사, 1952 / Beomram (Flood), People's Literature, 1952

《새집 드는 날》, 연변교육출판사, 1953 / Saejip deuneun nal (Moving Day), Yanbian Education, 1953

《뿌리박은 터》, 연변교육출판사, 1953 / Bburi bageun teo (Roots in the Land), Yanbian Education, 1953

《세전이별》, 연변교육출판사, 1954 / Sejeon ibyeol (Parting Before the New Year's Day), Yanbian Education, 1954

《고민》, 북경민족출판사, 1956 / Gomin (Deliberations), Beijing Ethnic, 1956

《번영》, 연변교육출판사, 1957 / Beonyeong (Prosperity), Yanbian Education, 1957

 

3) Novels

In China

《해란강아 말하라》, 연변교육출판사, 1954 / Haerangang-a malhara (Let the Haeran River Speak), Yanbian Education, 1954

《항전별곡》, 흑룡강조선민족출판사, 1983 / Hangjeon byeolgok (Song of Resistance), Heilongjiang Korean Nationality, 1983

《격정시대》, 요령민족출판사, 1986 / Gyeokjeong sidae (The Era of Passion), Liaoning Nationality, 1986

 

In Korea

《항전별곡》, 거름사, 1986 / Hangjeon byeolgok (Song of Resistance), Keorum, 1986

《해란강아 말하라》, 풀빛사, 1988 / Haerangang-a malhara (Let the Haeran River Speak), Pulbit, 1988

《무명소졸》, 풀빛사, 1989, Mumyeong sojol (Petty Soldier With No Name), Pulbit, 1989

《20세기의 신화》, 창작과비평사, 1996 / 20 segiui sinhwa (Myth of the 20th Century), Changbi, 1996

 

4) Prose collections and memoirs

In China

《태항산록》, 대륙연구소, 1989 / Taehangsallok (The Foot of the Taehang Mountain), Daeryuk Yeonguso, 1989

《나의 길》, 북경민족출판사, 1996 / Na-ui gil (My Way), Beijing Ethnic, 1996

 

In Korea

《누구와 함께 지난날의 꿈을 이야기하랴》, 실천문학사, 1994 / Nuguwa hamgge jinannarui ggumeul iyagiharya (With Whom Can I Talk About the Old Dreams), Silcheon Munhak, 1994

《최후의 분대장》, 문학과지성사, 1995 / Choehu-ui bundaejang (The Last Squad Leader), Moonji, 1995

《우렁이 속 같은 세상》, 창작과비평사, 2001 / Ureong-i sok gateun sesang (The World Is Like the Inside of a Freshwater Snail), Changbi, 2001

 

Awards

 

Special Prize, Overseas Koreans Awards (해외동포상, 1994)[21]

Proud People of Boseong Awards (자랑스런 보성인상, 1998)

Chang Bai Shan Best Writer Awards (장백산작가상, 2001)

 

References

 

[1] His real name is Hong Seong-geol. While he was in the Korean Volunteer Army, he was worried that the Japanese military might harm his family. So he kept his name a secret and used the pseudonym Kim Hakchul.

("Kim Hakchul," Encyclopedia of Current Events and Common Knowledge, accessed November 8, 2019, https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=66779&cid=43667&categoryId=43667.)

[2] The Heroic Corps is an armed anti-Japanese organization that fought for the independence of Korea, formed in November, 1919, in Jilin Sheng, Manchuria. It was highly active in the 1920s with its members assassinating high-ranking Japanese officials and bombing public offices. From the late 1920s, it was influenced by radical nationalism. Prominent figures in the history of the Korean nationalist movement, such as Kim Gu, Kim Gyusik, Kim Changsuk, Shin Chaeho, served as advisors of the group and it was also supported by Chiang Kai-shek, former leader of the Republic of China.

("The Heroic Corps," Doopedia, accessed November 8, 2019, https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=1133974&cid=40942&categoryId=40012.)

[3] "Kim Hakchul," Encyclopedia of Korean Culture, accessed November 8, 2019, https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=2458328&cid=46629&categoryId=46629.

[4] Lim Gyuchan, Pak Suyeon, et al., Independence and Division, Reformed Boundaries (Seoul: Minumsa, 2016), 169.

[5] "Kim Hakchul," Encyclopedia of Korean Culture, accessed November 8, 2019, https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=2458328&cid=46629&categoryId=46629.

[6] "Kim Hakchul," Encyclopedia of Current Events and Common Knowledge, accessed November 8, 2019, https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=66779&cid=43667&categoryId=43667.

[7] "Kim Hakchul," Doopedia, accessed November 8, 2019, https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=1217572&cid=40942&categoryId=39766.

[8] "Kim Hakchul," Doopedia, accessed November 8, 2019, https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=1217572&cid=40942&categoryId=39766.

[9] Kim Hakchul, Gyeokjeong sidae (Seoul: Zmanz Books, 2010), 19.

[10] Kim Jonghoe, The Diaspora Literature of the Korean Residents in China (Seoul: Kookhak, 2016), 124–128.

[11] Lim Gyuchan, Pak Suyeon, et al., Independence and Division, Reformed Boundaries (Seoul: Minumsa, 2016), 188.

[12] Jeon Jeong-ok, "Study on Kim Hakchul's Literature, Focusing on His Writing Principles and Consciousness as a Writer" (PhD diss, Sung Kyun Kwan University, 2006), 128.

[13] Kim Myeong-in, Separation from the Obvious (Paju: Changbi, 2004), 38.

[14] Lee Sang-gab, "The Desire and Embodiment of Historical Testimonies," The Journal of Korean Studies 10 (1998), 169.

[15] Gang Ok, On Kim Hakchul's Writing (Seoul: Kookhak, 2010), 167.

[16] Go Inhwan, Literature Crossing Boundaries (Seoul: Kookhak, 2015), 94.

[17] Lim Gyuchan, Pak Suyeon, et al., Independence and Division, Reformed Boundaries (Seoul: Minumsa, 2016), 188.

[18] Yeon Namkyeong, Thinking Beyond Boundaries and the Ethics of Narratives (Seoul: Ewha Womans University Press, 2017), 273.

[19] Go Myeongcheol, "On Kim Hakchul's Gyeokjeong sidae: International Solidarity of the People and Anti-colonialism, Where Revolutionary Coming-of-age Story Lies," Journal of Bangyo Language and Literature 22 (2006), 244–246.

[20] Gwon Yeongmin, "Kim Hakchul," Encyclopedia of Contemporary Korean Literature, accessed November 8, 2019, https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=333366&cid=41708&categoryId=41737.

[21] Lee Jaehui, "Winners of the 2nd Overseas Koreans Awards," KBS News, December 2, 1993, http://news.kbs.co.kr/amp/view.do?ncd=3735204.

 

"Monument Erected in China to Commemorate Writers Kim Hakchul and Kim Sa-ryang, Who Fought Against Japan, ," Kyunghyang Shinmun, August 15, 2005, accessed November 8, 2019, http://news.khan.co.kr/kh_news/khan_art_view.html?artid=200508151801271.

 

"SBS Special to Commemorate the March 1st Movement, Ep 388: My Grandfather Kim Hakchul, the Last Squad Leader of the Korean Volunteer Army," accessed November 8, https://allvod.sbs.co.kr/allvod/vodEndPage.do?srs_id=22000045100.

  • 장편<해란강아 말하라>(1954), <격정시대>(1986)

Original Works4 See More

  • DLKL
    Korean(한국어) Printed/Published Work
    군공메달

    Gungongmedal

    Kim Hakchul / 김학철 / -
  • DLKL
    Korean(한국어) Printed/Published Work
    범람

    Beomnam

    Kim Hakchul / 김학철 / -
  • DLKL
    Korean(한국어) Printed/Published Work
    현대조선문학선

    Hyeondaejoseonmunhakseon

    Nam Jung-hyun et al / 남정현 et al / -

Translated Books4 See More